Chironomid larva Photograph courtesy of Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

The Non-biting Midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) of South Africa Compiled by Arthur D. Harrison 111A Berg Road, Fish Hoek, 7965 South Africa

© Copyright of this page belongs to the author.
Updated April 2004

CONTENTS Introduction Chironomidae Tanypodinae Tanypodini Macropelopini Pentaneurini Podonominae Aphroteniinae Telmatogetoninae Diamesinae Orthocladiinae Chironominae Chironomini Tanytarsini References

Chironomid larva Photograph courtesy of Institute for Water Quality Studies, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry

INTRODUCTION

The chironomids or non-biting midges of South Africa are currently classified into seven subfamilies. This list of species was compiled from a variety of sources. The larval habitat and adult distribution of each species within South Africa are given along with a summary of its distribution outside the region. Species known from outside the region but which might occur within South Africa are included in square brackets and marked with a yellow dot.

More details about the biology and systematics of chironomids can be found at

The Chironomid Home Page

the Diptera page of The Tree of Life.

Chironomid Literature Database

Family: CHIRONOMIDAE

Subfamily: TANYPODINAE

Tribe: TANYPODINI

1. Genus: CLINOTANYPUS Kieffer
   1. C. claripennis Kieffer

      Standing water.
      Free State (Harrismith) and Eastern Cape, to Namibia (Kakaoveld); probably widespread

      
      
   
   
2. Genus: TANYPUS Meigen
   1. T. guttatipennis Goetghebuer

      Standing or slow-flowing water.
      Western Cape (Deelfontein, Ladismith, Tulbagh), Eastern Cape (Grahamstown), KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen), Free State (Harrismith) and Gauteng (Johannesburg); probably widespread.

      
      
   
   

   Tribe: MACROPELOPINI

3. Genus: APSECTROTANYPUS Fittkau
   1. A. unicolor (Freeman)

      Anatopynia unicolor Freeman
      Running water.
      Western Cape (upper Great Berg River, Assegaibos waterfall)

      
      
   
   
4. Genus: MACROPELOPIA Thienemann
   1. M. mamorata (Freeman)

      (Anatopynia marmorata) Freeman
      Running water.
      Western Cape (Ceres, Tradouw Pass)

      
      
   
   
5. Genus: PROCLADIUS Skuse
   1. P. albitalus Freeman

      Standing or slow-flowing water.
      KwaZulu-Natal (Eshowe), and Mpumalanga (Tzaneen), to Zimbabwe

      
      
   2. P. apicalis (Kieffer)

      Larval habitats unknown
      Gauteng (Pretoria, Olifantsvlei, near Johannesburg, Benoni) and Mpumalanga (Vaal River at Breyton)

      
      
   3. P. brevipetiolatus (Goetghebuer)

      ??
      Standing or running water.
      Western Cape (lower Great Berg River, numerous locations), KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen; Eshowe; Newcastle), to Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe

      
      
   4. P. maculosus Freeman

      Standing or slow-flowing water.
      Zimbabwe (Lower Lundi River)

      
      
   
   
6. Genus: PROCLADIUS ( PSILOTANYPUS )
   1. P. shibrui Harrison

      Standing or slow-flowing water.
      Mpumalanga and Eastern Cape, to Ethiopian Highlands

      
      
   
   

   Tribe: PENTANEURINI

7. Genus: ABLABESMYIA Johannsen
   1. A. apendiculata (Kieffer)

      Pentaneura (A.) apendiculata
      Running and standing water.
      KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela and Mooi Rivers) and Mpumalanga (Vaal River, Standerton; Nelsspruit; Letaba, Kruger National Park), to Zimbabwe, Central and East Africa.

      
      
   2. A. dusoleili (Goetghebuer)

      Pentaneura (A.) dusoleili
      Running water:
      Western Cape (Berg River), Eastern Cape, KwaZulu- Natal (Escourt; Weenen; Bushman's and Mooi Rivers) and Gauteng (Johannesburg), to Zimbabwe and Egypt, Afrotropical Region

      
      
   3. A. freemani Harrison.

      = Pentaneura (A.) dusoleili ?var.
      Running water.
      Western Cape (Berg River), KwaZulu-Natal (Escourt, Newcastle, Colenso) and Mpumalanga (Vaal River, Standerton; Kruger National Park), to Zimbabwe

      
      
   4. A. pruinosa Harrison

      Ablabesmyia pruinosa
      Running water
      Northern Province (Mogol River), to Zimbabwe (Ruwa River, lower Lundi River)

      
      
   5. A. rimae Harrison

      Ablabesmyia rimae
      Standing and slow-running water
      Namibia (Kunene River), to Ethiopian Rift Valley

      
      
   
   
8. Genus: CANTOPELOPIA Roback
   1. A. meilloni (Freeman)

      Pentaneura meilloni

      = P. hirsuta
      Probably standing or slow-flowing water.
      KwaZulu-Natal (Shaw's Drift; Eshowe), Gauteng (Johannesburg) and Mpumalanga; probably over most of the Afrotropcal Region.

      
      
   
   
9. Genus: CHRYSOPELOPIA Harrison
   1. C. corusca Harrison

      Standing water.
      Zimbabwe

      
      
   
   
10. Genus: CONCHAPELOPIA Fittkau
    1. C. cygnus (Kieffer)

       Pentaneura cygnus
       Stony runs.
       KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Colenso), to Zimbabwe and most of the Afrotropical region.

       
       
    2. C. trifascia (Freeman)

       Pentaneura trifascia
       Stony runs.
       Western Cape (Tulbagh Barrage Klein Berg) and KwaZulu-Natal (van Renen; Drakensberg, Giants Castle), to East and Central Africa and Ethiopia; probably most South African mountain streams and rivers

       
       
    
    
11. Genus: LARSIA Fittkau
    1. L. teesdalei (Freeman)

       Pentanera teesdalei
       probably running water
       Zimbabwe and Kenya

       
       
    2. L. rutshuruiensis (Goetghebuer)

       Pentaneura rutshuruiensis
       Stony runs
       Western Cape (Berg River, French Hoek Forest Reserve), to Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of the Congo

       
       
    3. L. uniformis (Goetghebuer)

       Pentaneura uniformis
       Stony runs
       Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of the Congo

       
       
    4. L. octomaculata (Freeman)

       Pentaneura octomaculata
       Running water
       Western Cape (Berg River) and Mpumalanga (Ermelo), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    5. L. exigua Harrison

       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Barberton), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
12. Genus: LEPIDOPELOPIA Harrison
    1. L. annulator (Goetghebuer)

       Pentaneura annulator
       Larval habitat unknown
       Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania

       
       
    
    
13. Genus: NILOTANYPUS Kieffer
    1. N. comatus (Kieffer)

       Pentaneura comata
       Running water
       Western Cape (Berg River, Piketberg, Cecilia's Drift (Paarl), Wellington) and Mpumalanga (Letaba, Kruger National Park), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    2. N. remotissimus Kieffer

       Nilotanypus remotissimus
       Running water
       Namibia (Kunene River), to Sudan

       
       
    
    
14. Genus: PARAMERINA Fittkau
    1. P. nigromarmorata (Goetghebuer)

       Pentaneura nigromarmorata
       Running water
       Western Cape (Berg River, Hermon), Eastern Cape (Kokstad), KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Umgeni River) and Gauteng (Johannesburg), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    2. P. septemguttata (Freeman)

       Pentaneura septemguttata
       Larval habitat unknown
       Central Africa

       
       
    3. P. longipes (Freeman)

       Pentaneura longipes
       Running water
       Central Africa.

       
       
    4. P. interrupta (Goetghebuer)

       Pentaneura interrupta
       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Sabie), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    5. P. vaillanti Fittkau

       Running water
       Northern Province (Mogol River near Vaalwater), to Zimbabwe and North Africa

       
       
    
    
15. Genus: THIENEMANNIMYIA Fittkau
    1. T. tinctoria (Freeman)

       Pentaneura tinctoria
       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Rosetta)

       
       
    
    
16. Genus: TRISSOPELOPIA Kieffer
    1. T. montivaga Harrison

       Slow running water
       Mpumalanga (Klipkraal, near Sabie)

       
       
    
    

    Subfamily: PODONOMINAE

17. Genus: AFROCHLUS Freeman
    1. A. harrisoni Freeman

       Intermittent mountain streams
       Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
18. Genus: ARCHAEOCHLUS Brundin
    1. A. bicirratus Brundin

       At sources of mountain streams; habitats often dry up
       Lesotho (Qachasnek)

       
       
    2. A. biko Cranston, Edward & Colless

       At sources of mountain streams; habitats often dry up
       Namibia

       
       
    3. A. drakensbergensis Brundin.

       At sources of mountain streams; habitats often dry up
       Lesotho (Qachasnek)

       
       
    
    

    Subfamily: APHROTENIINAE

19. Genus: APHROTENIA Brundin
    1. A. barnardi Brundin

       Running water
       Western Cape (mountain stream tributary of upper Great Berg River; Eerste River, above Jonkershoek)

       
       
    2. A. tsitsikamae Brundin

       Running water
       Western Cape (Bloukrans River, Tsitsikama; Tradouw Pass; stream near Deepwalls Forest Station, Knysna; Storms River and tributaries in mountains; Lottering River, Tsitsikama)

       
       
    
    

    Subfamily: TELMATOGETONINAE

20. Genus: TELMATOGETON Schiner
    1. T. minor Kieffer

       Marine, intertidal
       Western Cape (Cape Peninsula), Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal

       
       
    2. T. sanctipauli Schiner

       Marine, intertidal
       Western Cape Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Also St. Paul Island, Gough Island and Tristan da Cunha

       
       
    
    
21. Genus: THALASSOMYIA Schiner
    1. T. africana Edwards

       Larval habitat unknown
       Mozambique (Inhaca Island), Indian Ocean coasts to the north, and Madagascar.

       
       
    
    

    Subfamily: DIAMESINAE

22. Genus: HARRISONINA Freeman
    1. H. petricola Freeman

       Temporary mountain streams
       Eastern Cape (source stream of Kowie River coll. M. Uys) and Mpumalanga (Olifants River catchment), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    

    Subfamily: ORTHOCLADIINAE

23. Genus: BRYOPHAENOCLADIUS Thienemann
    1. B. brincki (Freeman)

       Chaetocladius brincki
       damp soil and moss
       Western Cape (Tsitsikama Forest, Storms River) and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kenya

       
       
    2. B. productus (Freeman)

       Chaetocladius productus
       damp soil and moss
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Wellington; Mossel Bay), KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen), Mpumalanga and Gauteng (Witpoortjie Falls), to Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of the Congo, East Africa and Ghana

       
       
    3. B. ruwenzoriensis (Freeman)

       Chaetocladius ruwenzoriensis
       damp soil and moss
       Zimbabwe and Uganda

       
       
    
    
24. Genus: CARDIOCLADIUS Kieffer
    1. C. africanus Freeman

       Running water, stones in current
       Northern Cape (Orange River Upington col. R. Palmer) and KwaZulu-Natal (Estcourt, Natal National Park; Albert Falls, Umgeni River), to Zimbabwe and East Africa.

       
       
    2. C. hessei Freeman

       Running water, stones in current
       Western Cape (Montagu)

       
       
    3. C. latistilus Freeman

       Running water, stones in current
       KwaZulu-Natal (Natal National Park), Swaziland (Komati River) and Mpumgalanga (Loskop Dam outflow, Olifants River), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    4. C. oliffi Freeman

       Stones in current
       Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (Natal National Park), to Ethiopia

       
       
    
    
25. Genus: CHAETOCLADIUS Kieffer
    1. C. melaleucus Meigen

       Damp soil
       Uganda, Britain and southern Europe.

       
       
    2. C. awasae Harrison

       Damp soil
       Mpumalanga (Barberton), to Ethiopia

       
       
    
    
26. Genus: CLUNIO Haliday
    1. C. africanus Hesse

       Marine, intertidal
       KwaZulu-Natal (Isipingo)

       
       
    
    
27. Genus: CORYNONEURA Winnertz
    1. C. cristata Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    2. C. dewulfi Goetghebuer

       Running water
       Western Cape (Kirstenbosch; Great Berg River, Wellington, Franschhoek Forest Reserve), KwaZulu-Natal (Bushman River at Giants Castle), Mapumlanga (Santa River near Lydenburg) and Gauteng (near Johannesburg), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. C. elongata Freeman

       Running and standing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve; Zeekoe Vlei) and Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, near Johannesburg)

       
       
    
    
28. Genus: CRICOTOPUS Wulp
    1. C. albitibia Walker

       Cricotopus albitibia
       Slow-flowing water, weed beds of lakes
       Western Cape (Berg River) and KwaZulu-Natal (Escourt), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe and Ethiopia

       
       
    2. C. bergensis Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg) and KwaZulu-Natal (Natal National Park, Mooi River), to West and East Africa

       
       
    3. C. bizonatus Freeman

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Keate's Drift; Weenen) and Gauteng (Witpoortjie Falls, near Johannesburg), to Zimbabwe and Ethiopia

       
       
    4. C. dibalteatus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Platteklip Gorge, Table Mountain), Eastern Cape (Gamtoos River) and Mpumalanga (Lydenburg District), to East Africa

       
       
    5. C. flavozonatus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River) and KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen), to Zimbabwe, Uganda and Ethiopia

       
       
    6. C. harrisoni Freeman

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River near Rosetta, Keate's Drift) and Mpumalanga (Santa River, Lydenburg District), to Kenya and Ethiopian Highlands

       
       
    7. C. kisantuensis Goetghebuer

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek, Wellington; Krom River, Stellenbosch), to Democratic Republic of the Congo and Ghana

       
       
    8. C. meilloni Freeman

       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Tzaneen)

       
       
    9. C. obscurus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek, Wellington; Ceres; Hermanus Falls) and KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela and Mooi Rivers), to Namibia (Kunene River) and Zimbabwe

       
       
    10. C. scottae Freeman

        Slow-flowing water and lakes
        Western Cape (Great Berg Wellington, Piketberg), Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Oliviershoek bridge), Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, Witwatersrand) and Mpumalanga (Great Usutu River, near Amsterdam), to Zimbabwe, East Africa and Ethiopia

        
        
    11. C. unizonatus Harrison

        Running water
        Western Cape and Eastern Cape (col. Albany Museum), to Ethiopian Highlands

        
        
    12. C. verbekei Freeman

        Running water
        Northern Cape (Orange River, Upington), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe (near Harare), Central, East and West Africa

        
        
    
    
29. Genus: ELPISCLADIUS Harrison & Cranston 2007
    1. E. capicola Harrison & Cranston

       Elpiscladius capicola Harrison & Cranston 2007: 5-7
       Running water
       Western Cape

       
       
    
    
30. Genus: EUKIEFFERIELLA Thienemann
    1. E. clavigera (Freeman)

       Nanocladius clavigera
       Running water
       Western Cape (small waterfall on Oukaapseweg, near Noordhoek; larvae, probably of this species, have been found in the Western Cape mountains and in the upper Gamtoos River system Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (Giant's Castle Camp, Drakensberg) and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
31. Genus: KNEPPERIA Kieffer
    1. K. gracilis Kieffer

       May be a nomen nudum
       Larval habitat unknown
       Namibia, Rooibank.

       
       
    
    
32. Genus: KRENOSMITTIA Thienemann & Kruger
    1. K. brevitarsis Freeman

       Rivers and streams
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek, Wellington, Piketberg; Stellenbosch), Eastern Cape (headwater stream of Kowie River col. M. Uys) and KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Keate's Drift)

       
       
    
    
33. Genus: LIMNOPHYES Eaton
    1. L. minimus (Meigen)

       Limnophyes pusillus Edwards
       Damp soil but sometimes running water as on Gough Island
       Kerguelen Island, Marion Island, Gough Island. East Africa. Holarctic

       
       
    2. L. natalensis Kieffer

       Damp soil, wet moss in streams
       Western Cape (Kirstenbosch; Stellenbosch; Assegaibos, Franschhoek Forest Reserve; Bergvliet), Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (Bushman's River, Escourt), Gauteng (near Johannesburg) and Mpumalanga Waterval near Lydenburg), to Zimbabwe, East Africa and Canary Islands. Holarctic

       
       
    
    
34. Genus: MESOCRICOTOPUS Brundin
    1. Mesocricotopus sp. (nov. ?)

       Larvae only
       Streams
       Eastern Cape (source of Kowie River, Grahamstown col. M. Uys)

       
       
    
    
35. Genus: MESOSMITTIA Brundin
    1. M. nigerrimus (Kieffer)

       Orthocladius nigerrimus
       Running water
       Western Cape (Mossel Bay), Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen), to East Africa

       
       
    2. M. patrihortae Saether

       Running water?
       KwaZulu-Natal (Merrivale, near Howick). Holarctic.

       
       
    
    
36. Genus: METRIOCNEMUS Wulp
    Species of this genus are found in damp mosses, springs, ditches and streams.
    1. M. capensis Harrison

       Metriocnemus capensis Harrison, 2002: 10-11
       Probably running water
       Cape Peninsula

       
       
    2. M. wittei Freeman

       Larval habitat unknown
       Gauteng (Pretoria, Lynnwood), to East Africa

       
       
    
    
37. Genus: NANOCLADIUS Kieffer
    1. N. argentiplumus Harrison

       Running water
       Eastern Cape (Sundays River) and Mpumalanga (Vaal River near Standerton)

       
       
    2. N. brunneus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Driefontein) and Mpumalanga (Great Usutu River, Amsterdam), to East Africa

       
       
    3. N. saetheri Harrison

       Lakes and slow-flowing water
       Northern Cape (Gifkloof 3, near Upington col. R. Palmer), to Ethiopia

       
       
    4. N. vitellinus Kieffer

       Running water
       Western Cape (lower Berg River), KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Rosetta, Tugela River, Colenso) and Mpumalanga (Vaal River, Standerton; Kafferspruit), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    
    
38. Genus: NOTOCLADIUS Harrison 1997
    1. N. capicola Harrison

       Nothocladius capicola Harrison 1997: 377-381
       Running water, comma-like larvae on top of stones and rocks
       Western Cape (second- and third-order stream and rivers)

       
       
    
    
39. Genus: ORTHOCLADIUS Wulp
    1. O. bergensis Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Berg River, Wellington, Piketberg; Mossel Bay; Table Mountain), KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Keate's Drift) and Gauteng (stream from Olifantsvlei, Witwatersrand), to Namibia (Kunene River)

       
       
    2. O. harrisoni Freeman

       Running water
       South Africa, to Madagascar?

       
       
    3. O. pretorianus Kieffer

       A doubtful species
       Running water
       Gauteng (Pretoria)

       
       
    
    
40. Genus: PARADOXOCLADIUS Harrison, 2000: 220
    1. P. mangoldi Harrison

       Paradoxocladius mangoldi Harrison 2000: 221-224
       Stony runs in upper zomes of rivers
       Western Cape (Dutoitskloof Pass), KwaZulu-Natal (Klein Mooi River)

       
       
    
    
41. Genus: PARAKIEFFERIELLA Thienemann
    1. P. biloba (Freeman)

       Nanocladius biloba
       Probably running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve; Kirstenbosch), KwaZulu-Natal (Natal National Park, Drakensberg) and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe

       
       
    2. P. ephippium (Freeman)

       Nanocladius ephippium
       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, near Rosetta; Kamberg Game Reserve; Giant's Castle Camp; Drakensberg; Bushman's River, Estcourt; Verdruk Dam near Dundee; Pongola River Settlements) and Mpumalanga (Gladdespruit near Badplaats)

       
       
    3. P. harrisoni (Freeman)

       Smittia harrisoni
       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Mica-Gravelotte Road; Skukuza, Kruger National Park), to Sudan

       
       
    
    
42. Genus: PARAMETRIOCNEMUS Goetghebuer
    1. P. capensis (Freeman)

       Metriocnemus capensis
       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Assegaibos, Franschhoek Forest Reserve)

       
       
    2. P. scotti (Freeman)

       Metriocnemus scotti
       Running water
       Western Cape (Kirstenbosch; Platteklip Gorge, Table Mountain; Great Berg River, Assegaibos), KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River at Natal National Park, Drakensberg) and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe, East Africa and Ethiopian Highlands

       
       
    
    
43. Genus: PARAPHAENOCLADIUS Thienemann
    1. P. dewulfi (Goetghebuer)

       Metriocnemus dewulfi
       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River Keate's Drift) and Gauteng (near Johannesburg), to Zimbawe and East Africa

       
       
    
    
44. Genus: PARATRICHOCLADIUS Santos Abreu
    1. P. micans (Kieffer)

       Trichocladius micans
       Running water
       Western Cape (Oudtshoorn; Hout Bay), Eastern Cape (Port St. John's), KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River; Mooi River; Bushman's River; New Hanover; Weenen), Gauteng (Pretoria) and Mpumalanga (Nelspruit), to Zimbabwe, East Africa, Madagascar and Yemen

       
       
    2. P. pretorianus (Freeman)

       Trichocladius pretorianus
       Running water
       Gauteng (Pretoria) and Mpumalanga, to Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia

       
       
    
    
45. Genus: PARATRISSOCLADIUS Zavrel
    1. P. natalensis (Walker)

       Chaetocladius excerptus ssp. natalensis Walker
       Probably damp soil
       KwaZulu-Natal (Kamberg Game Reserve, Mooi River) and Mpumalanga (Lydenburg District; Waterval, Mount Rang Rang)

       
       
    
    
46. Genus: PSECTROCLADIUS Kieffer
    1. P. viridescens Freeman

       Slow flowing water
       Western Cape (Bergvliet), Eastern Cape and Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, Witwatersrand; Pretoria), to Zimbawe

       
       
    
    
47. Genus: PSEUDORTHOCLADIUS Goetghebuer
    1. P. similis (Freeman)

       Orthocladius similis
       Running water
       Western Cape (Berg River, Mitchellþs Pass, Ceres) and KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Kamberg Game Reserve)

       
       
    
    
48. Genus: PSEUDOSMITTIA Goetghebuer
    1. P. capicola (Freeman)

       Smittia capicola
       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Franschhoek Forest Reserve, Tsitsikamma)

       
       
    2. P. conigera (Freeman)

       Smittia congera
       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Berg River), KwaZulu-Natal (Bushman's River) and Mpumalanga (Olifants River, Loskop Dam), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. P. hamata (Freeman)

       Smittia hamata
       Damp soil
       Mpumalanga (Kruger National Park, Skukuza; Mica-Gravelotte Road; Nelspruit, Crocodile River), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    4. P. hirtella (Freeman)

       Smittia hirtella
       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Zeekoe Vlei), KwaZulu-Natal (mouth of Tugela River) and Mpumalanga (Nelspruit, Crocodile River), to Malawi

       
       
    5. P. rectilobus (Freeman)

       Smittia rectilobus
       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Stellenbosch; Cape Peninsula), KwaZulu-Natal (Pongola Settlements) and Mpumalanga (Assegai River; Gt. Usutu River, Amsterdam), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    6. P. subtriloba (Freeman)

       Smittia subtriloba
       Damp soil
       Mpumalanga (Gladdespruit, near Badplaats)

       
       
    
    
49. Genus: RHEOCRICOTOPUS Thienemann & Harnisch
    1. R. capensis (Freeman)

       Trichocladius capensis
       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River), Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (Scottburgh; Escourt) and Mpumalanga (Nelspruit; Blyde River), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    2. R. cereofasciatus (Goetghebuer)

       Trichocladius cereofasciatus
       Running water
       Zimbabwe, East Africa and Madagascar

       
       
    3. R. metallescens Goetghebuer

       Rheocricotopus metallescens
       Running water
       Mpumalanga.

       
       
    
    
50. Genus: SEMIOCLADIUS Sublette & Wirth *
    1. Semiocladius near crassipennis Skuse

       Marine, intertidal
       Mozambique and Australia, probably also on South African coasts

       
       
    
    
51. Genus: SMITTIA Holmgren
    1. S. atra Freeman

       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Fish Hoek, Berg River), to East Africa

       
       
    2. S. capensis Kieffer

       Species doubtful
       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Cape Town)

       
       
    3. S. nigra (Freeman)

       = Smittia subnigra Freeman (Saether 1996)

       = Pseudosmittia subnigra Freeman & Cranston (Saether 1996)
       Damp soil
       Western Cape (Franschhoek Forest Reserve; Bergvliet)

       
       
    
    
52. Genus: SYNORTHOCLADIUS Thienemann
    1. S. conicus (Freeman)

       Orthocladius conicus
       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg; Wellington; Bergvliet)

       
       
    2. S. lobiger (Freeman)

       Orthocladius lobiger
       Running water
       Western Cape (along Great Berg River; Kirstenbosch) and KwaZulu-Natal (Natal National Park, Oliviershoek bridge; Mooi River at Mont aux Sources)

       
       
    
    
53. Genus: THIENEMANNIELLA Kieffer
    1. T. antennata Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek, Piketberg), KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Colenso; Mooi River, Kamberg Game Reserve) and Mpumalanga (Great Usutu River Amsterdam; Lydenburg), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    2. T. lineola Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve; Kirstenbosch), KwaZulu-Natal (Bushman's River, Giant's Castle) and Mpumalanga (Santa River, Lydenburg District; Nelspruit), to Zibmabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. T. trivittata Goetghebuer

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve, Wemmer's Hoek, Wellington), KwaZulu-Natal (Bushman's River, Giant's Castle Camp) and Mpumalanga (Santa River, Lydenburg District), to Namibia (Kunene River), and East Africa

       
       
    
    
54. Genus: TVETENIA Kieffer
    1. T. calvescens Edwards

       Nanocladius angustistilus

       Eukiefferiella angustistilus
       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve, Wellington, Cecilia's Drift; upper Olifants River near Ceres), Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga, to East Africa. Holarctic

       
       
    
    

    Subfamily: CHIRONOMINAE

    Tribe: CHIRONOMINI

55. Genus: ACINORETRACUS Epler, Harrison & Hare
    1. A. penicillatus (Freeman)

       Dicrotendipes penicillatus Freeman
       Lakes and ponds with an acid pH
       Western Cape (Betty's Bay; Hout Bay, Skoorsteenkop)

       
       
    
    
56. Genus: BAEOTENDIPES Kieffer
    1. B. ovazzai (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Halliella) ovazzai Freeman
       brackish water, usally pools in splash zone on seashore; estuaries
       Mozambique and East Africa

       
       
    
    
57. Genus: BECKIDIA Saether (= BECKIELLA Saether)
    1. B. hirsti Freeman

       Standing water
       East Africa and Chad

       
       
    
    
58. Genus: CHIRONOMUS Meigen
    All species live primarily in standing or slow-flowing water but some are found in heavily polluted streams and rivers. Some occur in intermittent stream for a short time after they resume seasonal flow.
    1. C. alluaudi Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Kenya, Ethiopian Highlands, Ghana, Senegal

       
       
    2. C. caffrarius Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Lesotho, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Gauteng, Northwestern Province and Northern Cape, to Namibia and East Africa

       
       
    3. C. callichirus Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Lesotho, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Gauteng, Northwestern Province and Northern Cape, to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    4. C. calipterus Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Lesotho, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Gauteng, Northwestern Province and Northern Cape, to Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Kenya, Sudan, Egypt, Madagascar, Reunion, France, Israel and India

       
       
    5. C. congolensis Goetghebuer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape (Ceres) and KwaZulu-Natal (Richard's Bay), to Zimbabwe, Angola and East Africa

       
       
    6. C. formosipennis Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Lesotho, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Gauteng, Northwestern Province and Northern Cape, to Zimbabwe, St. Helena and Madagascar. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    7. C. imicola Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Mpumalanga (Letsitele River), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    8. C. leucochloris Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Isipingo), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    9. C. linearis Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Gauteng (near Johannesburg) and Mpumalanga (Lydenburg), to Zimbabwe and Seychelles

       
       
    10. C. paulfreemani S„wedal

        (brunneus Freeman)
        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Western Cape (Kirstenbosch; Franschhoek Forest Reserve, Assegaibos; Tokai Forest Reserve; Tulbagh Barrage)

        
        
    11. C. peringueyi Kieffer

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        KwaZulu-Natal (Krautz Kloof) and Mpumalanga (Waterval, Lydenburg District), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

        
        
    12. C. pulcher Wiedemann

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Western Cape, Eastern Cape, Lesotho, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Gauteng, Northwestern Province and Northern Cape, to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    13. C. satchelli Freeman

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Western Cape (Kirstenbosch), Eastern Cape (Grahamstown; Kokstad; Mt. Currie) and Mpumalanga (Tzaneen; Magoebaskloof; Sabie-Pilgrim's Rest road; Waterval, Lydenburg District), to Uganda

        
        
    14. C. scotti Kieffer

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Northern Province, northwards. Afrotropical Region. Seychelles

        
        
    15. C. tetraleucus Kieffer

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Western Cape (Ceres; Swellendam), Eastern Cape (Queenstown), Free State (Harrismith) and KwaZulu-Natal (Drakensberg), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

        
        
    16. C. transvaalensis Kieffer

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Gauteng (Johannesburg; Pretoria), to Namibia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and East Africa

        
        
    
    
59. Genus: COLLARTOMYIA Goetghebuer
    1. C. hirsuta Goetghebuer (may be listed as Collartiella )

       Running water, larvae are predatory and feed on the larvae of hydropsychid caddis
       Gauteng (Vaal River Barrage), to East Africa

       
       
    
    
60. Genus: CONOCHIRONOMUS Freeman
    1. C. acutistilus (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Endochironomus) acutistilus
       Probably slow-flowing water or standing water
       Mpumalanga (Nelspruit), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    
    
61. Genus: CRYPTOCHIRONOMUS Kieffer
    1. C. diceras Kieffer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) diceras
       Standing water
       Mpumalanga (Marble Hall), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    2. C. lindneri (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) lindneri
       Standing water
       Western Cape (Ceres; Wellington), Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga (Assegai River, Piet Retief), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. C. longicrus Kieffer

       Standing water
       Northwestern Province, to Namibia (Kunene River), Central and West Africa

       
       
    4. C. neonilicola (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) neonilicola
       Standing water
       Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    5. C. niligenus Kieffer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) niligenus
       Standing water
       Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    6. C. subovatus (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) subovatus
       Standing water
       Western Cape (Piketberg; Ceres) and Northern Cape (Upington). Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
62. Genus: DEMICRYPTOCHIRONOMUS Lenz
    1. D. cinereithorax Goetghebuer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) cinereithorax
       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Northern Cape (Kimberly) and Eastern Cape (Mt. Fletcher), to Zimbabwe and Democratic Republic of the Congo

       
       
    
    
63. Genus: DICROTENDIPES Kieffer Freeman (1957) lists all the following species under Chironomus (Dicrotendipes) .
    1. D. binotatus Kieffer

       Standing water
       Mozambique, East Africa and Seychelles

       
       
    2. D. chambiensis Goetghebuer

       Standing water
       Transvaal listed in Freeman & Cranston (1980) but locality not given, to East Africa

       
       
    3. D. cordatus Kieffer

       Standing water
       Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    4. D. ealae Freeman

       Standing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Howick), to Namibia (Kunene River), and Democratic Republic of the Congo

       
       
    5. D. fusconotatus Kieffer

       Standing water
       KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    6. D. peringueyanus Kieffer

       Standing or slow flowing water
       Western Cape, Northern Cape and Free State, to Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and East Africa

       
       
    7. D. pilosimanus Kieffer

       Standing and organically polluted running water
       Western Cape (Zeekoevlei; Noordhoek Vlei; Deelfontain; Mossel Bay; Ceres; Bergvliet; Rondebosch; Wellington), Eastern Cape (Grahamstown), Free State (Harrismith), KwaZulu-Natal (Escourt; Weenen), Mpumalanga and Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, Witwatersrand; Pretoria), to Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Middle East, Southern Europe and India

       
       
    8. D. quartuordecimpunctatus Goetghebuer

       D. pilosimanus subsp 14-punctatus

       ?= D. septemmaculatus (Becker)
       Standing water
       Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    9. D. sudanicus Freeman

       Standing water
       KwaZulu-Natal, to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    
    
64. Genus: ENDOCHIRONOMUS Kieffer
    1. E. woodi Freeman

       Larval habitat unknown
       Malawi, east and west Africa, Madagascar

       
       
    
    
65. Genus: GILLOTIA Kieffer
    1. G. trifida (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) trifidus
       Standing or slow flowing water
       Namibia (Kunene River), and Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
66. Genus: HARNISCHIA Kieffer
    1. H. curtilamellata Malloch

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) nudiforceps
       Standing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg), Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    2. H. lacteiforceps Kieffer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) lacteiforceps
       Standing water
       Mpumalanga (Assegai River near Piet Retief), to East Africa

       
       
    
    
67. Genus: KIEFFERULUS Goetghebuer
    1. K. chloronotus Kieffer

       Chironomus (Dicrotendipes) chloronotus
       Standing water
       Western Cape (Mossel Bay), Eastern Cape (Grahamstown) and KwaZulu-Natal (Richard's Bay), to Namibia, Zimbabwe and Seychelles. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    2. K. disparilis Goetghebuer

       Inland water bodies
       Mpumalanga, Northern Province, Gauteng, Northwestern Province and Free State, to Namibia, East and West Africa and Arabian Peninsula

       
       
    
    
68. Genus: KLOOSIA Kruseman
    1. K. africana Reiss

       Running water (not torrential)
       Mpumalanga (Standerton; Vaal River, Morgenzon - Amersfoort Road), to East Africa

       
       
    
    
69. Genus: KRIBIODOSIS Kieffer
    1. K. clavigera Kieffer

       Running water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
70. Genus: KRIBIOTHAUMA Kieffer
    1. K. pulchellum Kieffer

       Probably running water
       Mpumalanga (Great Usutu River near Amsterdam) and KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River), to Cameroons

       
       
    
    
71. Genus: LUNDITENDIPES Harrison, 2000: 224
    1. L. tropicum Harrison, 2000

       Lunditendipes tropicum Harrison, 2000: 225-227
       Low-lying tropical or subtropical regions
       KwaZulu-Natal (Ndumu), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
72. Genus: MICROCHIRONOMUS Kieffer
    1. M. stilifer (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) stilifer)

       now M. lendli Kieffer ?
       Standing and slow-flowing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    2. M. tener Kieffer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) forcipatus
       Slow-flowing and standing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg) and KwaZulu-Natal (Sundays River; Mooi River at Keate's Drift), to Zimbabwe, East Africa and Egypt

       
       
    
    
73. Genus: MICROTENDIPES Kieffer
    1. M. albus Goetghebuer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen; Natal National Park), to East Africa

       
       
    2. M. lamprogaster Kieffer

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve; Ceres)

       
       
    3. M. lentiginosus Freeman

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Bergville), to East and West Africa

       
       
    4. M. satchelli Freeman

       Running water
       Eastern Cape (Mt. Currie, Kokstad) and Lesotho, to Democratic Republic of the Congo

       
       
    5. M. taitae Kieffer

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Kloof; Rosetta), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    6. M. umbrosus Freeman.

       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Waterval, Lydenburg), to Namibia and Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
74. Genus: NILODORUM Kieffer
    1. N. brevibucca Kieffer

       Chironomus (Nilodorum) brevibucca
       Standing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg), Free State (Harrismith) and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    2. N. brevipalpis Kieffer

       Chironomus (Nilodorum) brevipalpis
       Standing water (prefers water weed)
       Mpumalanga, to Namibia, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    3. N. fractilobus Kieffer

       Chironomus (Nilodorum) fractilobus
       Standing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    4. N. nigropunctatum (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Nilodorum) nigropunctatum
       Standing water
       Gauteng (Pretoria)

       
       
    
    
75. Genus: NILODOSIS Kieffer
    1. N. fusca Kieffer

       Nilodosis fusca
       Running and standing water
       Namibia (Kunene River)

       
       
    
    
76. Genus: NILOTHAUMA Kieffer
    1. N. harrisoni Adam & Saether, 1999

       Slow running water.
       Mpungalanga (Crocodile River), KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River)

       
       
    2. N. latocaudatum Adam & Saether, 1999

       Slow running water.
       Zimbabwe (Ruwa River, Marendora road)

       
       
    3. N. pictipenne Kieffer

       Slow running water
       Northern Cape (Orange River, Upington), Namibia (Kunene River), to Sudan

       
       

    4. There appear to be two other species in the Kunene River, Namibia.

       
       
    
    
77. Genus: PAGASTIELLA Brundin
    1. Pagastiella sp. nov.

       a minute species
       Sediments of slow-flowing rivers and lakes
       Mpumalanga

       
       
    
    
78. Genus: PARACHIRONOMUS Lenz
    1. P. acutus Goetghebuer

       Chironomus (Crytochironomus) acutus
       Standing and slow-flowing water
       Western Cape (Little Princess Vlei; Great Berg River, Wellington) and Mpumalanga (Mable Hall). Afrotropical Region

       
       
    2. P. coronatus Kieffer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) coronatus
       Standing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Rosetta), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. P. dewulfianus Goetghebuer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) dewulfianus
       Standing water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    4. P. sinuatus Freeman

       Parachironomus sinuatus
       Standing and running water
       Namibia (Kunene River), to Sudan

       
       
    5. P. unicalcar (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Crytochironomus) unicalcar
       Standing water or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg, Wellington), to Namibia (Kunene River), and Sudan

       
       
    
    
79. Genus: PARACLADOPELMA Harnisch
    1. P. brincki (Freeman)

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) brincki
       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape (Rhodes probably near UCT) and KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River at Natal National Park)

       
       
    2. P. graminicolor Kieffer

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) graminicolor
       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River) and KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River at Natal National Park; Mooi River, Rosetta), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe, Sudan and Egypt

       
       
    3. P. reidi

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) reidi
       Probably standing or slow-flowing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River), to Sudan and Democratic Republic of Congo

       
       
    4. P. rhodesianum Kieffer.

       Chironomus (Cryptochironomus) rhodesianus
       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg; Tulbagh Barrage; dam on Sout River near Hopefield), to Botswana and Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
80. Genus: PARALAUTERBORNIELLA Lenz
    1. Paralauterborniella nigrohalteralis Lenz

       Slow-flowing water, in sediments
       Mpumalanga (Vaal River), and Namibia (Kunene River)

       
       
    
    
81. Genus: PARATENDIPES Kieffer
    1. P. crosskeyi Freeman

       Running and standing water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    2. P. nubilipennis Freeman

       Running and standing water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    3. P. reidi Freeman

       Probably both running and standing water
       Zimbabwe

       
       
    4. P. seydeli Freeman

       Running and standing water
       Mpumalanga (Kruger National Park, Skukuza), to East Africa

       
       
    
    
82. Genus: POLYPEDILUM Kieffer

    Subgenus: CEROBREGMA Saether & Sundal

    1. P. ramiferum Kieffer

       Standing and running water
       Zimbabwe and Afrotropical Region

       
       

       Subgenus: PENTAPEDILUM Kieffer

    2. P. anale Freeman

       Standing and running water, usually of acid to neutral pH
       Western Cape (Elgin; Muizenberg Mountain; Bergvliet; Kirstenbosch; Franchhoek Forest Reserve, Assegaibos; Tsitsikama Forest), Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, Wiwatersrand), Mpumalanga (Klipspruit, near Witbank mine acid polluted, pH 2.3), and Lesotho, to Namibia, Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. P. calvescens Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Franschhoek Forest Reserve)

       
       
    4. P. chutteri Harrison

       Polypedilum (Pentapedilum) chutteri Harrison, 2002: 14-15
       Running water
       Northwest Province (Vaal River, Lindique's Drift)

       
       
    5. P. micra Freeman

       Running water
       Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe, to East Africa

       
       
    6. P. ruandae Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Cecilia's Drift), to Democratic Republic of the Congo

       
       
    7. P. vittatum Freeman

       Probably slow-flowing water
       Zimbabwe, to East Africa

       
       
    8. P. wittei Freeman

       Running or standing water
       Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga (Kruger National Park, Pretoriuskop; Olifants River at Loskop Dam), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       

       Subgenus: POLYPEDILUM Kieffer

    9. P. abyssiniae Kieffer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Northern Cape (Orange River at Upington col. R. Palmer), Gauteng (Hartebeestpoort Dam) and Mpumalanga (Kruger National Park), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    10. P. albosignatum Kieffer

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Eastern Cape, to Namibia (Kunene River), Egypt and East Africa

        
        
    11. P. alticola Freeman

        Running water, mostly in mountains
        Western Cape (Great Berg River, Assegaibos), Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (Kloof; Natal National Park; Escourt) and Mpumalanga (near Lydenburg), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

        
        
    12. P. annulatipes Kieffer

        Running or standing water
        KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen; Pongola River Settlements), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    13. P. bifalcatum Kieffer

        Standing or slow-flowing water
        Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    14. P. bipustulatum Freeman

        Probably slow-flowing and standing water
        Afrotropical Region

        
        
    15. P. deletum Goetghebuer

        Standing and slow-flowing water
        Mpumalanga (Letaba), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    16. P. dewulfi Goetghebuer

        Running water
        Western Cape (Great Berg River) and KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen; Natal National Park), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe. East Africa

        
        
    17. P. ephippium Freeman

        Probably standing or slow-flowing water
        Zimbabwe, to East Africa

        
        
    18. P. fuscipenne KIeffer

        Slow-flowing and standing water
        Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    19. P. fuscum Freeman

        Running water
        Western Cape (Hermanus waterfall), Mpumalanga (Nelspruit; Sabie-Pilgrim's Rest road), to Zimbabwe

        
        
    20. P. hastaferum Harrison

        Polypedilum (Polypedilum) hastaferum Harrison, 2002: 15-16.
        Running water
        Eastern Cape

        
        
    21. P. laterale Goetghebuer

        Running and standing water
        KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Drakenberg), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    22. P. lobiferum Freeman

        Standing water:
        Western Cape (Bergvliet; Mossel Bay) and Eastern Cape (Port Elizabeth)

        
        
    23. P. melanophilum Kieffer

        Polypedilum brunneum Freeman (part)
        Running water:
        Western Cape (Hermanus waterfall), to Seychelles

        
        
    24. P. natalense Kieffer

        Running water
        Western Cape (Great Berg River), Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (New Hanover; Pongola Settlements) and Mpumalanga (Lydenburg), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

        
        
    25. P. pruina Freeman

        Running and standing water
        Western Cape (Piketberg; Upington), Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen; Mooi River, Keate's Drift), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    26. P. quinqueguttatum Kieffer

        Running water
        KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Ngobevu and Jameson's Drift), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region.

        
        
    27. P. ramiferum Kieffer

        Running and standing water
        Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        
    28. P. subovatum Freeman

        Running water
        Western Cape (Great Berg River, Driefontein)

        
        
    29. P. tenuitarse Kieffer

        Running and standing water
        Mpumalanga (Letaba), to East Africa

        
        

        Subgenus: TRIPODURA Townes

    30. P. allansoni Freeman

        Running water
        Mpumalanga (Blaauwbank River, near Sterkfontein Caves), to Zimbabwe

        
        
    31. P. griseoguttatum Kieffer

        Standing and slow-flowing water
        Western Cape (Cape Peninsula) and Mungalanga, to Zimbabwe, Egypt and Madagascar. Afrotropical Region.

        
        
    32. P. tridens Freeman (some put this into the subgenus Tripodura )

        Runing and standing water
        KwaZulu-Natal (Scottburgh; Escourt) and Mpumalanga (Blyde River), to Zimbabwe and Egypt. Afrotropical Region.

        
        
    33. P. tropicum Kieffer (some put this into the subgenus Tripodura )

        Running and standing water
        Western Cape (Tsitsikama Forest), KwaZulu-Natal (Pongola River Settlements), Mpumalanga (Skukuza) and Lesotho, to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

        
        

        Subgenus: URESIPEDILUM Sasa & Kikuchi

    34. P. annulatum Freeman

        Running water;
        Western Cape (Great Berg River, Wellington), to East Africa

        
        
    35. P. kibatiense Goetghebuer

        Running water
        KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Kamberg Game Reserve), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

        
        
    36. P. plautum Oyewo & Saether

        Running water;
        KwaZulu-Natal (Catherdral Peak, Howick, Karkloof, to Central and East Africa

        
        
    
    
83. Genus: SKUSELLA Freeman
    1. S. freemani Harrison

       Skusella freemani Harrison, 2002: 16-17
       Probably running water
       Limpopo Province

       
       
    2. S. pallidipes Kieffer

       Lauterborniella pallidipes
       Probably standing water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    3. Skusella sp. nov.

       Probably standing water
       Mpumalanga

       
       
    
    
84. Genus: STELECHOMYIA Reiss
    1. S. pulchra Kieffer

       Lauterborniella pulchra
       Slow-flowing water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Howick), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
85. Genus: STENOCHIRONOMUS Kieffer The larvae of the following species mine leaves fallen into streams or, perhaps, bore into dead wood in streams.
    1. S. antennalis Kieffer

       
       Mpumalanga (Kruger National Park, Skukuza), to Cameroons

       
       
    2. S. bipunctatus Kieffer

       
       Eastern Cape, to Zimbabwe, Democratic Republic of the Congo and Cameroons

       
       
    3. S. edwardsi Freeman

       
       KwaZulu-Natal (Mt Currie, Kokstad) and Mpumalanga (Waterval, Lydenburg District), to East Africa

       
       
    4. S. harrisoni Freeman

       (probably in another genus yet to be erected)
       KwaZulu-Natal (Pongola River settlements)

       
       
    5. S. polychaetus Kieffer

       
       Zimbabwe, Cameroons, and Ghana

       
       
    6. S. pustulatus Freeman

       
       Western Cape (Betty's Bay), KwaZulu-Natal (Howick) and Mpumalanga (Skukuza, Kruger National Park), to Zimbabwe and Sudan

       
       
    7. S. spatuliger Freeman

       
       Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
86. Genus: STICTOCHIRONOMUS Kieffer
    1. S. bisignatus Kieffer

       Running water
       Western Cape (Ceres) and KwaZulu-Natal (Kloof), to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    2. S. caffrarius Kieffer

       Running water:
       KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen) and Mpumalanga (Kaapmuiden), to Zimbawe

       
       
    3. S. festivus festivus Kieffer

       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Pongola settlements), to East and West Africa

       
       
    4. S. festivus imperforatus Freeman

       Running water
       Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal (Mooi River, Keate's Drift; Tugela River, Colenso; Albert Falls; Weenen; Pongola Settlements) and Mpumalanga (Nelspruit; Letsitele Valley), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    5. S. fusiformis Kieffer

       Running water
       Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    6. S. natalensis Freeman

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Estcourt)

       
       
    7. S. puripennis Kieffer

       Running water
       Western Cape (Piketberg; Deelfontein; Ceres; Ladismith; Rhodes), Free State (Zastron), KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen) and Mpumalanga (Kaapmuiden), to Namibia and Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
87. Genus: XENOCHIRONOMUS Kieffer
    1. X. trisetosus Kieffer

       In freshwater sponges
       Namibia (Kunene River), Congo, Sudan

       
       
    2. X. ugandae Goetghebuer

       In freshwater sponges
       Northern Cape (Orange River, Upington), to Namibia (Kunene River), Zimbabwe (Ngezi Dam) and East Africa

       
       
    
    
88. Genus: XESTOTENDIPES Harrison, 2000: 227
    1. X. sufflavus Harrison, 2000

       Xestotendipes sufflavus Harrison, 2000: 228-231
       Wooded streams
       Eastern Cape (Inxu River), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    
    
89. Genus: ZAVRELIELLA Kieffer
    1. Z. marmorata v. d. Wulp

       Lauterborniella fuscoguttata
       Probably slow-flowing water
       Eastern Cape (Antelope Park Spruit) and Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
90. Genus: ZULUCHIRONOMUS Harrison, 2000: 231
    1. Z. demoori Harrison, 2000

       Zuluchironomus demoori Harrison, 2000: 232-234
       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Klein Mooi River)

       
       
    
    

    Tribe: TANYTARSINI

91. Genus: AFROZAVRELIA Harrison
    1. A. kribiensis (Kieffer)

       Freeman (1958) placed it in the Holarctic genus Zavrelia Kieffer. Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Driefontein, Franschhoek Forest Reserve), to Zimbabwe (Chimanimani National Park) and Cameroons

       
       
    
    
92. Genus: CLADOTANYTARSUS Kieffer Listed in Freeman (1958) as Tanytarsus (Cladotanytarsus)
    1. C. capensis Freeman

       Standing water:
       Western Cape (Zeekoevlei; Bergvliet; Piketberg)

       
       
    2. C. lewisi Freeman

       Slow-flowing or standing water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    3. C. linearis Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Platteklip Gorge, Cape Town)

       
       
    4. C. pseudomancus Goetghebuer

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg; Kirstenbosch), Eastern Cape and Mpumalanga (Marble Hall), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    5. C. reductus Freeman

       Slow-flowing or standing water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Piketberg, Hermon, Cecilia's Drift), to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    
    
93. Genus: NIDNURBIA Säwedal
    1. N. capicola (Freeman)

       Freeman (1958) originally placed it in Micropsectra Kieffer. Running water
       Western Cape (Hermanus waterfall)

       
       
    
    
94. Genus: PARATANYTARSUS Thienemann & Bause
    1. P. grimmii (Schneider)

       Standing water (aquarium)
       Eastern Cape; see Langton et al. (1988)

       
       
    
    
95. Genus: RHEOTANYTARSUS Bause Listed in Freeman (1958) as Tanytarsus (Rheotanytarsus)
    1. R. abonae Kyerematen

       Running water
       Kunene River, Namibia. Tanzania

       
       
    2. R. angustus (Freeman)

       Tanytarsus angustus Freeman
       Running water:
       Northern Cape (Arisdrift near Oranjemund; Gifkloof 3, near Upington, Orange River col. R. Palmer) and Eastern Cape, to Zimbabwe and East Africa

       
       
    3. R. fuscus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Wellington, Piketberg, Franschhoek; Wemmershoek River; Palmiet River), Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal (Shooter's Hill), to Zimbabwe, Uganda and Ethiopia

       
       
    4. R. guineensis Kieffer

       Running water
       Mpumalanga (Komati and Crocodile Rivers), to east Africa

       
       
    5. R. longicornis Kyerematen & Sæther

       Running water
       Gauteng

       
       
    6. R. montanus Lehmann

       Fast mountain streams
       Eastern Cape (Drakensberg streams), to Congo and Ethiopia

       
       
    7. R. rioensis Langton & Armitage

       Running water
       Mpungalanga, KwaZulu-Natal. Canary Islands

       
       
    8. R. shebelensis Harrison

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal; Ethiopia

       
       
    
    
96. Genus: STEMPELLINA Bause
    1. S. chambiensis Goetghebuer

       Running water
       Mpumalanga (near Nelspruit), to Zimbabwe (Ruwa River, Marondera Road; Henderson Research Station near Mazoe; Chimanimani National Park) and East Africa

       
       
    
    
97. Genus: STEMPELLINELLA Brundin
    1. S. truncata (Freeman)

       Freeman placed it in Stempellina Bause. Running water:
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Driefontein) and KwaZulu-Natal (Tugela River, Drakensberg)

       
       
    
    
98. Genus: TANYTARSUS Wulp Listed in Freeman (1958) as Tanytarsus (Tanytarsus)
    1. T. aterrimus Freeman

       Running water:
       Western Cape (Great Berg River, Assegaibos, Driefontein; Tulbagh Barrage; Ladismith) Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, Wiwatersrand) and Mpumalanga (Magoebaskloof), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    2. T. atomarius Kieffer

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Pongola River Settlemants) and Mpumalanga (Great Usutu River, near Amsterdam), to Seychelles

       
       
    3. T. balteatus Freeman

       Standing water
       Namibia (Kaokoveld, Kunene River) and Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    4. T. flumineus Harrison

       Running water.
       Eastern Cape, KwaZulu-Natal

       
       
    5. T. formosanus Kieffer

       Tanytarsus horni Goetghebuer
       Tanytarsus nigrocinctus Freeman
       Standing water
       Mpumalanga, tropical Africa, Europe and Asia

       
       
    6. T. luctuosus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Platteklip Gorge, Cape Town) and Mpumalanga (Magoebaskloof), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    7. T. mcmillani Goetghebuer

       Running water
       Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    8. T. pallidulus Freeman

       Running water
       Western Cape (Kirstenbosch; Stellenbosch; Tulbagh Barrage, Kleinberg River; Ceres), Gauteng (Johannesburg) and Mpumalanga (Lydenberg; Magoebakloof), to Zimbabwe

       
       
    9. T. spadiceonotatus Freeman

       Standing or slow-flowing water
       Zimbabwe and Mozambique

       
       
    10. T. zimbabwensis Harrison

        Running water
        Zimbabwe

        
        
    
    
99. Genus: VIRGATANYTARSUS Pinder
    1. V. aboensis Harrison

       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia

       
       
    2. V. subreflexens (Freeman)

       Tanytarsus (Calopsectra) subreflexens

       probably V. arduennensis (Goetghebuer)
       Running water
       Mpumalanga, to Zimbabwe. Afrotropical Region

       
       
    3. V. nigricornis (Goetghebuer)

       Tanytarsus (Calosectra) nigricornis
       Running water
       KwaZulu-Natal (Weenen; Mooi River; Tugela River; Bushman's River), Gauteng (Olifantsvlei, Wiwatersrand) and Mpumalanga (Lydenburg), to Zimbabwe, East Africa and Yemen

       
       
    
    

Sources

Also compiled from catalogues in the Albany Museum and A.D.H.'s private records

Adam, J.I. & Saether, O.A. 1999.

Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Suppl. 56: 1-107.

Amakye, J.S. & Saether, O.A. 1992

The immatures and imagines of the Afrotropical species Microtendipes lentiginosus Freeman and Collartomyia hirsuta Goetghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomoloogica Scandinavica 23: 429-442.

Brundin, L. 1966

Transantarctic relationships and their significance as evidenced by chironomid midges. ungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar 11: 1-472.

Cranston, P.S., Edward, D.H.D. & Colless, D.H. 1987

Archaeochlus Brundin: a midge out of time (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology 12: 313-334.

Ekrem, T. 2001.

A review of Afrotropical Tanytarsus van der Wulp (Diptera: Chironomidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 144: 4-40.

Epler, J.H., Harrison, A.D. & Hare, L. 1998

Acinoretracus , a new Afrotropical genus for some species previously placed in Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 141: 209-220.

Freeman, P. 1955

A study of African Chironomidae. Part 1. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 4: 1-67

Freeman, P. 1956

A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part 2. Bull Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 4: 287-368.

Freeman, P. 1957

A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara, Part 3. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 5: 323-426.

Freeman, P. 1958

A study of the Chironomidae (Diptera) of Africa south of the Sahara. Part 4. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent. 6: 263 363.

Freeman, P. & Cranston, P.S. 1980

Family Chironomidae. In R.W. Crosskey (ed.), Catalogue of Diptera of the Afrotropical Region. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) London.

Harrison, A.D. 1971

A conspectus of the Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini (Tanypodinae: Chironomidae) of Africa south of the Sahara, Can. Entmol. 103: 386-390.

Harrison, A.D. 1978

New genera and species of Tanypodinae (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Africa south of the Sahara, J. entomol. Soc. sth. Afr. 41: 63-80.

Harrison, A.D. 1997

Two small Orthocladiinae (Chironomidae, Diptera) from the Western Cape Province, South Africa, Ann. Cape. Prov. Mus. (nat. Hist.) 19: 375-386.

Harrison, A.D. 2000

Four new genera and species of Chironomidae (Diptera) from Southern Africa. Aquatic Insects 22: 210-236.

Harrison, A.D. 2002

Chironomidae (Diptera) in the Albany Museum, Part 1. Annals of the Eastern Cape Musuems 2: 9-18.

Harrison, A.D. 2004a

A contribution to the taxonomy of the Tanytarsini (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Sub-Saharan Africa, with a description of a new genus (Afrozavrelia) and five new species from other genera. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 3: 1-15.

Harrison, A.D. 2004b

Metriocnemus capicola a replacement name for Metriocnemus capensis Harrison 2002. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 3: 15.

Harrison, A.D. & Cranston, P.S. 2007

Elpiscladius Harrison and Cranston, a new orthoclad (Diptera: Chironomidae) int eh Brilla-group from South Africa. Annals of the Eastern Cape Museums 6: 1-11.

Kyerematen, R. A. K. & Saether, O.A. 2000

A review of the Afrotropical Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Tijschrift voor Entomologie 143: 27-69.

Langton, P. H., Cranston, P.S. and Armitage, P. 1988

The parthenogenetic midge of water supply systems - Paratanytarsus grimmii (Schneider) (Diptera: Chironomidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 78: 317-328.

Oyewo, E. & Saether, O.A. 1998

Revision of Afrotropical Polypedilum Kieffer subgen. Uresipedilum Sasa & Kikuchi, 1995 (Diptera: Chironomidae), with a review of the subgenus. Annals of Limnology 34: 315-362.

Reiss, F. 1990

Revision der Gattung Zavriella Kieffer, 1920. Spixiana 13: 83-115.

Saether, O.A. 1990

A review of the genus Limnophyes Eaton from the Holartic and Afrotropical Regions. Entomol. Scand. Suppl. 35: 1-135.

Saether, O.A. 1996

Afrotropical records of the orthoclad genus Mesosmittia Brundin. Spixiana 19: 289-292.

Saether, O.A. & Sundal, A. 1998

Cerobregma, a new subgenus of Polypedilum Kieffer, with a tentative phylogeny of subgenera and species groups within Polypedilum (Diptera: Chironomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 71: 315-382.

Säwedal, L. 1982

Description of Nidnurbia n. gen. with notes on the distribution of Micropsectra Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica 13: 317–320.

Vårdal, H., Bjørlo, A. & Saether, O.A. 2002

Afrotropical Polypedilum subgenus Tripodura, with a review of the subgenus (Diptera: Chirinomidae). Zoologica Scripta 31: 331-402.