The Big-headed Flies (Diptera: Pipunculidae) of Southern Africa

Compiled by Marc De Meyer1, Jeff Skevington2, Mihaly Földvári3 and Edward Vanden Berghe4

1 Entomology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Leuvensesteenweg 13, B-3080 Tervuren, Belgium
2 Diptera Unit, Systematic Entomology Section, ECORC, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
3 Hungarian Natural History Museum, H-1088 Budapest Baross u. 13, Hungary
4 Flanders Marine Data Centre, Victorialaan 3, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium

© Copyright of this page belongs to the author.
Yours is the access since 1 July 2000

CONTENTS

Introduction
Resources
Pipunculidae
References

INTRODUCTION

For those not familiar with big-headed flies (Pipunculidae), they are an amazing group of insects related to the more familiar hover flies (Syrphidae). Watch for them along shaded paths or along woodland edges where females hover and watch for their leafhopper hosts. Upon seeing a hopper, she will dive down and either jab an egg into it or pick it up before inserting an egg and finally dropping the hopper. Single larvae develop within the hopper and emerge to pupate. The hosts are usually sterilized and ultimately are killed by their internal guests. Pipunculids are exclusively parasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha and are known to attack the families Cixiidae, Flatidae, Issidae, Membracidae, Cicadellidae, Cercopidae, and Delphacidae. The latter three families are preferred by most species. See Huq (1984) or Skevington and Marshall (1997) for information on rearing pipunculids from their hosts.

Male pipunculids often congregate on hilltops, presumably waiting in loosely organized lek sites to mate with females who make the trip to the top. Watch for them hovering about a meter off of the ground the next time that you find yourself in a sun-dappled opening on top of a hill or mountain.

Big-headed flies are found in almost every conceivable terrestrial habitat world-wide. They are most diverse in wet meadows, riparian regions, and woodland edges in the Holarctic Region, but are extremely diverse in dry savanna areas in Australia. Methods of collection involve the use of Malaise traps, emergence traps, pan traps, aerial suction traps, sweeping, and chemical attractants (foliar sugar sprays using a mixture of honey, water and Coke simulate natural honeydew which adults feed on).

Active research on pipunculids is ongoing in most biogeographical realms. The three senior authors of this article are currently conducting research that is related to the South African fauna. Over 1200 species of pipunculids have been described and 52 of these have been recorded in South Africa. The checklist below was assembled from the recent World Catalogue of Pipunculidae by Marc De Meyer (1996a). Codon names used to represent collections follow Evenhuis (1998).

RESOURCES

Information about big-headed flies can be sought at the following sites:

Jeff Skevington's home page (natural history and current research in Australia)
Martin Dempewolf's checklist of German Pipunculids
Checklist of fossil pipunculids
Pipunculid biology (in German) by Martin Dempewolf
Taxonomic review of Costa Rican Pipunculidae Key, descriptions and distributions by Rafael & Menezes (1998)
Checklist list of Czech pipunculids by Pavel Lauterer
The Diptera page of the Tree of Life

Family: PIPUNCULIDAE

Subfamily: Chalarinae

  1. Genus: Chalarus
    1. C. ?spurius (Fallén, 1816)
      Cephalops spurius Fallén, 1816: 16. - T.l.: Sweden, Esperød. - T.d.:NHRS (lectotype Nr "351 80", designated by Jervis (1992))
      Palaearctic: B, CH, CZ, D, E, F, GB, IRE, Israel (incl. occupied Golan Heights and West Bank), LAT, NL, S, SF, SLK (?Cosmopolitan, see Jervis (1992)).
      Hardy (1959) lists records of this species from Cape Province (Somerset East and Tradouwpas, waterfall 15 miles ENE Swellendam). In light of comments by Jervis (1992), all identified African material of this species should likely be treated as Chalarus sp.



Subfamily: Pipunculinae

Tribe: Cephalopsini

  1. Genus: Cephalops
    1. C. (Beckerias) hemistilbus (Hardy, 1961)
      Dorilas Dorilas hemistilbus Hardy, 1961: 128. - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Parc National Garamba, "II/fd/17". - T.d.: MRAC.
      Afrotropical: Cameroon, Comoro Arch., Congo (Democratic Republic), Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania

    2. C. (Cephalops) abditus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Dorilas abditus Hardy, 1949: 13. - T.l.: Malawi, Ruo. - T.d.: BMNH.
      Afrotropical: Malawi, South Africa, Zimbabwe

    3. C. (Cephalops) candidulus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas candidulus Hardy, 1949: 25 - T.l.: Kenya, Naivasha. - T.d.: BMNH.
      Afrotropical: Cameroon, Congo (Democratic Republic), Kenya, South Africa

    4. C. (Cephalops) laeviventris (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus laeviventris Loew, 1858: 353; [Loew, 1860: 353]. - T.l.: South Africa, "Caffraria". - T.d.: NHRS.
      Afrotropical: South Africa: Eastern Cape

    5. C. (Cephalops) lusingensis (Hardy, 1952)
      Wittella lusingensis Hardy, 1952a: 66 - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Parc National Upemba, Lusinga. - T.d.: MRAC.
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), Ivory Coast, South Africa.

    6. C. (Cephalops) obtusus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Dorilas obtusus Hardy, 1949: 46. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Mossel Bay. - T.d.: BMNH
      = Dorilas Dorilas reconditus Hardy, 1949: 53. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Mossel Bay. - T.d.: BMNH. - Syn.: De Meyer, 1992: 92
      Afrotropical: Botswana, Congo (Democratic Republic), Ivory Coast, Kenya, Namibia, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

    7. C. (Cephalops) pallidipleura (Curran, 1929)
      Pipunculus pallidipleura Curran, 1929: 2. - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Mt. Ruwenzori. - T.d.: AMNH
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), South Africa, Zimbabwe

    8. C. (Cephalops) quasilubuti (Hardy, 1962)
      Pipunculus Pipunculus quasilubuti Hardy, 1962: 257. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Ngome forest betw. Vrijheid and Nongoma. - T.d.: NMSA (Nr 1006)
      Afrotropical: South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal

    9. C. (Cephalops) zululandicus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Dorilas zululandicus Hardy, 1949: 61. South Africa, Natal, Zululand, Eshowe. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal

    10. C. (Semicephalops) navus (Hardy, 1952)
      Dorilas Dorilas navus Hardy, 1952a: 63. - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Parc National Upemba, Lusinga. - T.d.: MRAC
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe

    Tribe: Microcephalopsini

  2. Genus: Collinias
    1. C. fulvicaudus De Meyer, 1996
      Collinias fulvicaudus De Meyer, 1996b: 395. - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Parc National Garamba, ‘Makpe/8’. - T.d.: ISNB
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), South Africa


  3. Genus: Microcephalops
    1. M. angustifacies (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Dorilas angustifacies Hardy, 1949: 20. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Somerset East - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda

    2. M. brevicornis (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus brevicornis Loew, 1858: 374; [Loew, 1860: 353]. - T.l.: South Africa "Caffraria". - T.d.: NHRS
      Afrotropical: Eastern Cape, to Congo (Democratic Republic), Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Tanzania

    3. M. rufopictus (Hardy, 1962)
      Pipunculus Pipunculus rufopictus Hardy, 1962: 260. - T.l.: Zimbabwe, Mt Selinda, Chirinda forest - T.d.: NMSA (Nr 1007)
      Afrotropical: Cameroon, Congo (Democratic Republic), Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe.

    4. M. stenopsis (Hardy, 1959)
      Dorilas Dorilas stenopsis Hardy, 1959: 393. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Royal Natal National Park. - T.d.: MZLU (Nr 2122)
      Afrotropical: Burundi, Congo (Democratic Republic), Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zimbabwe


    Tribe: Eudorylini

  4. Genus: Eudorylas
    1. E. abdominalis (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus abdominalis Loew, 1858: 374 [Loew, 1860: 354]. - T.l.: South Africa, "Caffraria" . - T.d.: NHRS
      Afrotropical: Eastern Cape, to Burundi, Congo (Democratic Republic), Madagascar, Ruanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe

    2. E. abruptus (Hardy, 1952)
      Dorilas Eudorylas abruptus Hardy, 1952b: 7. - T.l.: Burundi, Rumonge. - T.d.: ISNB
      Afrotropical: Burundi, Congo (Democratic Republic), South Africa

    3. E. aculeatus (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus aculeatus Loew, 1858: 375 [Loew, 1860: 355]. - T.l.: South Africa, "Caffraria" . - T.d.: NHRS
      Afrotropical: Eastern Cape

    4. E. aemulus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas aemulus Hardy, 1949: 16. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Mossel Bay. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Western Cape, Nigeria

    5. E. aethiopicus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas aethiopicus Hardy, 1949: 17. - T.l.: Kenya, Naivasha. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Kenya, S Africa

    6. E. aethiopicus (Hardy, 1959)
      Dorilas Eudorylas amuscarium Hardy, 1959: 398. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Hout Bay, Skoorsteenkop. - T.d.: MZLU (Nr 2124)
      Afrotropical: Western Cape

    7. E. denotatus (Hardy, 1959)
      Dorilas Eudorylas denotatus Hardy, 1959: 400. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Hout Bay, Skoorsteenkop. - T.d.: MZLU (Nr 2124)
      Afrotropical: Western Cape

    8. E. diversus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas diversus Hardy, 1949: 29. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Matjesfontein. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Western Cape

    9. E. evanidus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas evanidus Hardy, 1949: 31. - T.l.: South Africa, Pondoland, Port St John. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Eastern Cape

    10. E. galeatus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas galeatus Hardy, 1949: 36. - T.l.: South Africa, Pondoland, Port St John. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Eastern Cape, Congo (Democratic Republic)

    11. E. libratus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas libratus Hardy, 1949: 41. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Mossel Bay. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Western Cape, Congo (Democratic Republic), Rwanda

    12. E. mutillatus (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus mutillatus Loew, 1858: 374 [1860: 355 (as mutilatus )]. - T.l.: South Africa "Caffraria". - T.d.: unknown (According to Loew (1858) the specimen was collected by Wahlberg. For the other species described in this article and collected by Wahlberg, the material is in NHRS. The mutillatus species is however not found there (Persson, letter of 31.VIII.1988 & Viklund, letter of 24.II.1994). The species was also not included in Loew's personal list of identifications (copy sent by Persson).)
      = Pipunculs kumamotensis Matsumura, 1915: 30; Matsumura, 1916: 380. - T.l.: Japan, Kyushu, Kumamoto. - T.d.: EIHU - Syn.: Yano et al ., 1984: 56
      = Pipunculus aequalis Becker, 1924: 16. - T.l.: Taiwan, Hokuto. - T.d.: DEI (Sauter's coll.). - Syn.: Hardy, 1968: 456
      = Pipunculus matema Curran et al ., 1936: 22. - T.l.: Solomon Is, Santa Cruz Is, Matema I. - T.d.: CAS (Nr 4036). - Syn.: Hardy, 1968: 457
      = Dorilas Eudorylas hiatus Hardy, 1956: 5. - T.l.: Micronesia, Caroline Is, Yap. - T.d.: USNM. - Syn.: Hardy, 1968: 457
      = Pipunculus Eudorylas distocruciator Hardy, 1966: 441. - T.l.: Nepal, E Nepal, Taplejung Distr., Sangu. - T.d.: BMNH. - Syn.: Hardy, 1968: 457
      = Pipunculus Eudorylas ranikhetiensis Kapoor et al ., 1977: 74. - T.l.: India, Uttar Pradesh, Ranikhet, Kumaon Hills. T.d.: probably INPC. - Syn.: Kapoor et al ., 1987: 103
      = Pipunculus Eudorylas kumaonensis Kapoor et al ., 1977: 74. - T.l.: India, Uttar Pradesh, Ranikhet, Kumaon Hills. T.d.: probably INPC. - Syn : Kapoor et al ., 1987: 103
      Widespread Afrotropical, Oriental, Australasian/Oceanian. Palaearctic: J.

    13. E. natalensis (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas natalensis Hardy, 1949: 45. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Durban. - T.d.: AMNH
      Afrotropical: Cameroon, South Africa.

    14. E. parvifrons (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus parvifrons Loew, 1858: 375; [Loew, 1860: 356]. - T.l.: South Africa, "Cap." [no exact locality given]. - T.d.: unknown (Contrary to other species described in Loew (1858), this species was apparently not collected by Wahlberg. It does not seem to be present in the NHRS collection. The species was also not included in Loew's personal list of identifications from Wahlberg's material (copy sent by Persson)).
      Afrotropical: Ghana, South Africa.

    15. E. porrectus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas porrectus Hardy, 1949: 51. - T.l.: Ghana, Ashanti, Obuasi. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Ghana, Mozambique, S Africa.

    16. E. pusillus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas pusillus Hardy, 1949: 52. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, National Park. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    17. E. quadratus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas quadratus Hardy, 1949: 53. - T.l.: South Africa, E Cape Prov., Katberg. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    18. E. sinuosus (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas sinuosus Hardy, 1949: 56. - T.l.: South Africa, Durban, Umbilo. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    19. E. turneri (Hardy, 1949)
      Dorilas Eudorylas turneri Hardy, 1949: 58. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Capetown, Milnerton. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    20. E. umbrinus (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus umbrinus Loew, 1858: 374; [Loew, 1860: 354]. - T.l.: South Africa, "Caffraria". - T.d.: NHRS
      Afrotropical: South Africa.


    Tribe: Tomosvaryellini

  5. Genus: Tomosvaryella
    1. T. africana Hardy, 1949
      Tomosvaryella africana Hardy, 1949: 66. - T.l.: Namibia, Okahandja. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Madagascar.

    2. T. anomala Hardy, 1949
      Tomosvaryella anomala Hardy, 1949: 67. - T.l.: South Africa, E Cape Prov., Katberg. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    3. T. apicalis Hardy, 1949
      Tomosvaryella apicalis Hardy, 1949: 68. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Mossel Bay. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    4. T. botswanae De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella botswanae De Meyer, 1993b: 55. - T.l.: Botswana, Swaneng Hill, Farmers Brigade, 5km SE Serowe Hillside. - T.d.: ISNB.
      Afrotropical: Botswana.

    5. T. brachybasis De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella brachybasis De Meyer, 1993: 57. - T.l.: Botswana, Swaneng Hill, Farmers Brigade, 5km SE Serowe Hillside. - T.d.: ISNB
      Afrotropical: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.

    6. T. claripennis (Loew, 1858)
      Pipunculus claripennis Loew, 1858: 375; [Loew, 1860: 356]. - T.l.: South Africa, "Caffraria". - T.d.: NHRS
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    7. T. congoana Hardy, 1950
      Tomosvaryella congoana Hardy, 1950: 45. - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Parc National Albert, Katanda. - T.d.: MRAC (holotype lost, empty pin in collections).
      Afrotropical: Burundi, Comoro Is, Congo (Democratic Republic), South Africa, Zambia.

    8. T. forchhammeri De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella forchhammeri De Meyer, 1993b: 66. - T.l.: Botswana, Swaneng Hill, Farmers Brigade, 5km SE Serowe Hillside. - T.d.: ISNB.
      Afrotropical: Angola, Botswana, Malawi.

    9. T. gibbosa Hardy, 1949
      Tomosvaryella gibbosa Hardy, 1949: 71. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Van Reenan Drakensberg. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), South Africa.

    10. T. montana De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella montana De Meyer, 1993: 75. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Drakensberg Mts, Giants Castle Reserve. - T.d.: NMSA (Nr 601)
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    11. T. oligoseta De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella oligoseta De Meyer, 1993b: 76. - T.l.: Botswana, Swaneng Hill, Farmers Brigade, 5km SE Serowe Hillside. - T.d.: ISNB.
      Afrotropical: Botswana, Namibia.

    12. T. propria Hardy, 1949
      Tomosvaryella propria Hardy, 1949: 73. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Mossel Bay. - T.d.: BMNH
      = Tomosvaryella varana Hardy, 1949: 76. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Cape Town, Milnerton. - T.d.: BMNH. - Syn.: De Meyer, 1993: 94
      Afrotropical: Botswana, Gambia, South Africa.

    13. T. singularis De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella singularis De Meyer, 1993: 81. - T.l.: Botswana, Swaneng Hill, Farmers Brigade, 5km SE Serowe Hillside. - T.d.: ISNB
      Afrotropical: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa.

    14. T. speciosa Hardy, 1949
      Tomosvaryella speciosa Hardy, 1949: 74. - T.l.: South Africa, Cape Prov., Somerset E. - T.d.: BMNH
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    15. T. spinigera De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella spinigera De Meyer, 1993: 80. - T.l.: Botswana, Swaneng Hill, Farmers Brigade, 5km SE Serowe Hillside. - T.d.: ISNB
      Afrotropical: Botswana, South Africa.

    16. T. subafricana De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella subafricana De Meyer, 1993: 87. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Royal Natal National Park, Drakensberg Mts. - T.d.: NMSA (Nr 602)
      Afrotropical: South Africa.

    17. T. subvirescens (Loew, 1872)]
      Pipunculus subvirescens Loew, 1872: 87. - T.l.: USA, Texas, Belfrage. - T.d.: MCZ (Nr 456)
      = Pipunculus aridus Williston, 1893: 255. - T.l.: USA, California, Argus Mt. - T.d.: probably USNM. - Syn.: Hough, 1901: 78
      = Pipunculus glabrum Adams, 1905: 165. - T.l.: Zimbabwe, nr Harare. - T.d.: SEMC (Nr 743). - Syn.: Hardy, 1949: 75
      = Pipunculus insularis Cresson, 1912: 317. - T.l.: Bermuda Is, Hamilton Parish. - T.d.: ANSP (Nr 5029). - Syn.: Hardy, 1943: 178
      = Pipunculus albiseta Cresson, 1912: 318. - T.l.: Bermuda Is, Hamilton Parish. - T.d.: ANSP (Nr 5030). - Syn.: Hardy, 1943: 178
      = Pipunculus metallescens Malloch, 1912: 298. - T.l.: Nicaragua, Chinandega. - T.d.: USNM (Nr 14807). - Syn.: Hardy, 1943: 178
      = Pipunculus similans Becker, 1924: 15. - T.l.: Taiwan, Taihoku. - T.d.: DEI (4 syntypes) and possibly ZMHB (1 specimen from type locality, collected by H. Sauter and identified by Becker could belong to syntype series) (Original description mention 8 syntypes). - Syn.: Hardy, 1968: 487
      = Pipunculus knowltoni Hardy, 1939: 20. - T.l.: USA, Utah, Cache Junction. - T.d.: USNM. - Syn.: Hardy, 1943: 178
      Cosmopolitan.

    18. T. tecta De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella tecta De Meyer, 1993: 91. - T.l.: South Africa, Natal, Ndumu Game Reserve. - T.d.: NMSA (Nr 599)
      Afrotropical: Kenya, South Africa. Palaearctic: Egypt, Israel (incl. occupied Golan Heights and West Bank).

    19. T. transvaalensis De Meyer, 1993
      Tomosvaryella transvaalensis De Meyer, 1993: 94. - T.l.: South Africa, Transvaal, Rustenberg Nature Reserve. - T.d.: PPRI
      Afrotropical: South Africa: Gauteng.

    20. T. tridens Hardy, 1950
      Tomosvaryella tridens Hardy, 1950: 50. - T.l.: Congo (Democratic Republic), Parc National Albert, Kivu, Rutshuru. - T.d.: MRAC
      Afrotropical: Congo (Democratic Republic), Nigeria, South Africa.

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This part of A Catalogue of South African Insects revised: